roald dahl

Among his most popular books are Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, James and the Giant Peach, Matilda, The Witches, The BFG, and Kiss Kiss.

Biography

Roald Dahl was born at Villa Marie, Fairwater Road, Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales on 13 September 1916, to Norwegian parents, Harald Dahl and Sofie Magdalene Dahl (née Hesselberg). He was named after the polar explorer Roald Amundsen, a national hero in Norway at the time.

In 1920, when Roald was four, his seven-year-old sister, Astri, died from appendicitis. About a month later his father died of pneumonia at the age of 57. His mother, however, rather than move back to Norway to live with her relatives, decided to stay in the UK - it had been her husband's wish to have their children educated in British schools, as he thought they were the best in the world.

Roald first attended Llandaff Cathedral School. At the age of eight, he and four of his friends were caned by the headmaster after putting a dead mouse in a jar of sweets at the local sweet shop, which was owned by a "mean and loathsome" old woman called Mrs. Pratchett.

Thereafter, he was sent to several boarding schools, which was an unpleasant experience for him. He was very homesick and wrote to his mother almost every day. Only when she died did he find out she had saved every single one of his letters, in small bundles held together with green tape.

At Repton School in Derbyshire he was the fag of a prefect, in whose study he had his little desk for the greater part of his early years. He was very tall, reaching 6'6" (1.98m) in adult life, and he was good at sports, being made captain of the school Fives and Squash team, and also playing for the football team. This helped his popularity. He developed an interest in photography. During his years there, Cadbury, a chocolate company, would occasionally send boxes of new chocolates to the school to be tested by the pupils. Dahl himself apparently used to dream of inventing a new chocolate bar that would win the praise of Mr. Cadbury himself, and this proved the inspiration for him to write his third book for children, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.

Throughout his childhood and adolescent years he spent his summer holidays in his parents' native Norway. His childhood is the subject of his autobiographical work, Boy: Tales of Childhood.

After finishing his schooling he spent three weeks hiking through Newfoundland with a group called the Public Schools' Exploring Society. In July 1934 he joined the Shell Petroleum Company. Following two years of training in the UK, he was transferred to Dar-es-Salaam, Tanganyika. Along with the only two other Shell employees in the entire territory, he lived in luxury in the Shell House outside Dar-es-Salaam, with a cook and personal servants. While on the job, supplying oil to customers across Tanganyika, he encountered green mambas and lions, amongst other wildlife.

World War II

In August 1939, as World War II was imminent, plans were made to round up the hundreds of Germans in Dar-es-Salaam. The fifteen or so British citizens in Dar-es-Salaam, including Dahl, were made officers, each commanding a platoon of askaris of the King's African Rifles. Dahl was uneasy about this and having to round up hundreds of German civilians, but managed to complete his orders.

It was soon after this incident, in November 1939, that he joined the Royal Air Force. After a 600-mile car journey from Dar-es-Salaam to Nairobi, he was accepted for flight training with 16 other men, 13 of whom would later die in air combat. With 7 hours and 40 minutes experience in his De Havilland Tiger Moth he flew solo, and hugely enjoyed watching the wildlife of Kenya during his flights. He continued on to advanced flying training at RAF Habbaniya (50 miles west of Baghdad) in Iraq. Following six months of flying Hawker Harts he was made a Pilot Officer and assigned to No. 80 Squadron RAF, flying obsolete Gloster Gladiators. Dahl was surprised to find that he would not be trained in aerial combat, or even taught how to fly a Gladiator.

On 19 September 1940, Dahl was ordered to fly his Gladiator from Abu Suweir in Egypt, on to Amiriya to refuel, and again to Fouka in Libya for a second refuelling. From there he would fly to 80 Squadron's forward airstrip 30 miles south of Mersah Matruh. On the final leg, he could not find the airstrip and, running low on fuel and with night approaching, he was forced to attempt a landing in the desert. Unfortunately, the undercarriage hit a boulder and the plane crashed, fracturing his skull, smashing his nose in, and blinding him. He managed to drag himself away from the blazing wreckage and passed out. Later, he wrote about the crash for his first published work (see below). It was found in a RAF inquiry into the crash that the location he had been told to fly to was completely wrong, and he had mistakenly been sent instead to the no man's land between the British and Italian forces.

Dahl was rescued and taken to a first-aid post in Mersah Matruh, where he regained consciousness, but not his sight, and was then taken by train to the Royal Navy hospital in Alexandria. There he fell in love with a nurse, Mary Welland, who was the first person he saw when he regained his sight after eight weeks. (He had only fallen in love with her voice while he was blind. Once he regained his sight he decided that he no longer loved her.) The doctors said he had no chance of flying again, but in February 1941, five months after he was admitted to the hospital, he was discharged and passed fully fit for flying duties.

By this time, 80 Squadron were at Elevsis, near Athens, Greece, and equipped with Hawker Hurricane fighting with the British Expeditionary Force in the Battle of Greece. He flew a replacement Hurricane across the Mediterranean Sea in April 1941, although he had little instruction, and only seven hours practice on Hurricanes. By this stage in the battle for Greece the RAF had only 18 combat planes in Greece, 14 Hurricanes and 4 Bristol Blenheims.

He saw his first aerial fighting on April 15th over the city of Chalcis against the six bombers that were attacking ships managing to shoot down a Ju 88 with his lone Hurricane. On April 16th in another air battle, he shot down another Ju 88. On April 20th Dahl took part in the Battle of Athens along with Squadron Leader 'Pat' Pattle and his friend David Coke, shooting down indefinite amounts of planes.

As the Germans were pressing Athens, Dahl was evacuated back to Egypt.

80 Squadron was reassembled in Haifa, Palestine. From here, Dahl flew missions every day for a period of four weeks, downing a Potez 63 on June 8th and another Ju-88 on June 15th, but then he began to get blinding headaches that gave him black-outs in the air, and he was invalided home to Britain. At this time his rank was Flight Lieutenant.

He began writing in 1942, after he was transferred to Washington as Assistant Air Attaché. His first published work, in the August 1, 1942 issue of the Saturday Evening Post was Shot Down Over Libya, describing the crash of his Gloster Gladiator. He had been asked to provide some RAF anecdotes by C.S. Forester who had them published as propaganda. His original title for the work was A Piece of Cake — the title was changed to sound more dramatic, despite the fact that the crash had nothing to do with enemy action.

He ended the war as a Wing Commander. Christopher Shores's book "Aces High" recognizes him 5 confirmed aerial victories, which have been cross-referenced in Axis records.

Family

He was married for 30 years (from 1953 to 1983) to Academy Award winning American actress Patricia Neal (The Day the Earth Stood Still, Hud, The Subject Was Roses, A Face in the Crowd). They had five children: Olivia, (who died of measles encephalitis at the age of seven), Tessa (now an author), Theo, Ophelia, and Lucy, who is now a screenwriter.

When he was four months old, Theo Dahl was severely injured when his baby carriage was hit by a taxi in New York City. For a time he suffered from hydrocephalus: as a result his father became involved in the development of what became known as the "Wade-Dahl-Till" (or WDT) valve, a device to alleviate the condition.^[1]

In 1965, Patricia Neal suffered three burst cerebral aneurisms while pregnant with their fifth child, Lucy. Roald took control of her rehabilitation and she eventually relearned to talk and walk. They were divorced in 1983 following a very turbulent marriage, and he subsequently married Felicity ("Liccy") Crosland, to whom he was married until his death.

On 8 April 1980, Dahl attended the Puffin Club Fair, where he talked to and signed books for a number of children, including Julien Foster, who remembers being told by Dahl how he first thought of the idea for James and the Giant Peach: "What about a peach that would never stop growing?"

Ophelia Dahl is director and co-founder (with doctor Paul Farmer) of Partners in Health, a nonprofit organization dedicated to providing health care to some of the most impoverished communities in the world. Lucy Dahl, is a screenwriter in Los Angeles. Tessa's daughter (who was the inspiration for the "helpmate" character in her grandfather's book The BFG) is a model and author Sophie Dahl who remembers him as "a very difficult man – very strong, very dominant ... not unlike the father of the Mitford sisters sort of roaring round the house with these very loud opinions, banning certain types - foppish boys, you know - from coming round."

Roald Dahl died of leukemia on 23 November 1990, at his home, Gipsy House, in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire, at the age of 74, and is buried in the cemetery at the parish church of St Peter and St Paul. According to his granddaughter, the family gave him a "sort of Viking funeral. He was buried with his snooker cues, some very good burgundy, chocolates, HB pencils and a power saw." In his honour, the Roald Dahl Children's Gallery was opened at Buckinghamshire County Museum in nearby Aylesbury.

Dahl's charitable commitments in the fields of neurology, hematology and literacy have been continued by his widow since his death, through the Roald Dahl Foundation. In June 2005, the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre opened in Great Missenden to celebrate the work of Roald Dahl and advance his work in literacy.

Writing

Inspired by a meeting with C. S. Forester, Dahl's first published work was Shot Down Over Libya, a story about his wartime adventures, which was bought by the Saturday Evening Post for $900 and propelled him into a career as a writer. Its title was inspired by a highly erroneous and sensationalized article about the crash that blinded him, which claimed he had been shot down instead of simply forced to land by low fuel.

His first children's book was The Gremlins, about mischievous little creatures that were part of RAF folklore. The book was commissioned by Walt Disney for a film that was never made, and published in 1942. Dahl went on to create some of the best-loved children's stories of the 20th century, such as Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Matilda and James and the Giant Peach.

He also had a successful parallel career as the writer of macabre adult short stories, usually with a dark sense of humour and a surprise ending. Many were originally written for American magazines such as Ladies Home Journal, Harper's, Playboy and The New Yorker, then subsequently collected by Dahl into anthologies, gaining world-wide acclaim for the author. Dahl wrote more than 60 short stories and they have appeared in numerous collections, some only being published in book form after his death. See List of Roald Dahl short stories. His stories also brought him three Edgar Awards: in 1954, for the collection Someone Like You; 1959, for the story "The Landlady"; and 1980, for the episode of Tales of the Unexpected based on "Skin".

One of his more famous adult stories, The Smoker (also known as Man from the South), was filmed as an episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents, and also adapted into Quentin Tarantino's segment of the 1995 film Four Rooms. His short story collection Tales of the Unexpected was adapted to a successful TV series of the same name. A number of his short stories are supposed to be extracts from the diary of his (fictional) Uncle Oswald, a rich gentleman whose sexual exploits form the subject of these stories.

For a brief, relatively unsuccessful period in the 1960s, Dahl wrote screenplays. Two of his screenplays – the James Bond film You Only Live Twice and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang – were adaptations of novels by Ian Fleming, and he adapted his own work into Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (1971).

Memories with Food at Gipsy House, written with his wife Felicity and published posthumously in 1991, was a mixture of recipes, family reminiscences and Dahl's musings on favourite subjects such as chocolate, onions, and claret.

Many of his children's books are illustrated by Quentin Blake.

Children's fiction

Dahl's works for children are usually told from the point of view of a child, typically involve adult villainesses, who hate and mistreat children, and feature at least one "good" adult to counteract the villain(s) (perhaps a reference to the abuse that Dahl himself experienced in the boarding schools he attended). They usually contain a lot of black humour and grotesque scenarios, including gruesome violence. The Witches and Matilda are two examples of this formula. The BFG follows it in a more analogical way with the good giant (the BFG or "Big Friendly Giant") representing the "good adult" archetype and the other giants being the "bad adults". This formula is also somewhat evident in Dahl's film script for Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. Class-conscious themes – ranging from the thinly veiled to the not at all veiled – also surface in works such as Fantastic Mr Fox and Danny, the Champion of the World.

Anti-Semitism

Dahl has been subject to calls for boycotts in Israel and elsewhere because of his alleged (and eventually admitted) anti-Semitism.

In the summer of 1983, he wrote a book review for the Literary Review of God Cried by Newsweek writer Tony Clifton, a polemical picture book about the invasion of Lebanon by Israel. Dahl's review stated that the Israeli attack on Lebanon in June 1982 was when "we all started hating Israel," and that the book would make readers "violently anti-Israeli." According to biographer Jeremy Treglown, Dahl had originally written "when we all started hating Jews" - but editor Gillian Greenwood of the Literary Review changed Dahl's terms from "Jews" and "Jewish" to "Israel" and "Israeli." On the basis of the published version, Dahl would later claim, "I am not anti-Semitic. I am anti-Israel." ^[2] Dahl believed that his review kept him from being knighted, which was reportedly an ambition of his^{citation needed]}.

According to at least two biographers,^[3] when defending his review he told a journalist that same year: "There's a trait in the Jewish character that does provoke animosity . . . I mean there is always a reason why anti-anything crops up anywhere; even a stinker like Hitler didn't just pick on them for no reason." Nonetheless, according to Treglown, Dahl maintained friendships with a handful of individual Jews.

In later years, Dahl occasionally tried to downplay some of the accusations of anti-Semitism with a sympathetic episode about German-Jewish refugees in his book Going Solo, and a separate claim that he was opposed to injustice, not Jews. He never retreated from his strong stance against Israel, however, and shortly before his death in 1990 he told the British newspaper The Independent "I am certainly anti-Israel, and I have become anti-Semitic." ^[4]

List of works

Children's writing

Children's stories

• The Gremlins (1943)
• James and the Giant Peach (1961) — Film: James and the Giant Peach (live-action/animated) (1996)
• Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964) — Films: Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005)
• The Magic Finger (1966)
• Fantastic Mr Fox (1970) — Film: Fantastic Mr. Fox (animated) (2006)
• Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator (1973) A sequel to Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.
• Danny the Champion of the World (1975) — Film: Danny the Champion of the World (TV movie) (1989)
• The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More (1977)
• The Enormous Crocodile (1978)
• The Twits (1980)
• George's Marvelous Medicine (1981)
• The BFG (1982) — Film: The BFG (animated) (1989)
• The Witches (1983) — Film: The Witches (1990)
• The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me (1985)
• Matilda (1988) — Film: Matilda (1996)
• Esio Trot (1989)
• The Minpins (1991)
• The Vicar of Nibbleswicke (1991)

Children's poetry

• Revolting Rhymes (1982)
• Dirty Beasts (1983)
• Rhyme Stew (1989)

Adult fiction

Novels

• Sometime Never: A Fable for Supermen (1948)
• My Uncle Oswald (1979)

Short story collections

• Over to You: Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying (1946)
• Someone Like You (1953)
• Kiss Kiss (1960)
• Twenty-Nine Kisses from Roald Dahl (1969)
• Tales of the Unexpected (1979)
• Switch Bitch (1974)
• More Tales of the Unexpected (1980)
• The Best of Roald Dahl (1978)
• Roald Dahl's Book of Ghost Stories (1983). Edited with an introduction by Dahl.
• Ah, Sweet Mystery of Life: The Country Stories of Roald Dahl (1989)
• The Collected Short Stories of Dahl (1991)
• Two Fables (1986). "Princess and the Poacher" and "Princess Mammalia".
• The Great Automatic Grammatizator (1997). (Known in the USA as The Umbrella Man and Other Stories).
• The Mildenhall Treasure (2000)

See List of Roald Dahl short stories.

Non-fiction

• Boy – Tales of Childhood (1984. Recollections up to the age of 16, looking particularly at schooling in Britain in the early part of the 20th century)
• Going Solo (1986). Continuation of his autobiography, in which he goes to work for Shell and spends some time working in Tanzania before joining the war effort and becoming one of the last Allied pilots to withdraw from Greece during the German invasion.
• Memories with Food at Gipsy House (1991)
• Roald Dahl's Guide to Railway Safety (1991)
• My Year (1993)
• Measles, a Dangerous Illness [1]

Plays

• The Honeys (1955.) Produced at the Longacre Theater on Broadway.

Film scripts

• You Only Live Twice (1967)
• Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)
• The Night Digger (1971)
• Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)

Sources

• Philip Howard, "Dahl, Roald (1916–1990)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2006 [2] accessed 24 May 2006

• Aces High, Cristopher Shores and Clive Williams

References

1. ^ Water on the Brain. MedGadget: Internet Journal of Emerging Medical Technologies (2005-07-15). Retrieved on 2006-05-11.
2. ^ Roald Dahl An Autobiography, Jeremy Treglown (Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1994), pp. 255-256.
3. ^ Margaret Talbot article from The New Yorker
4. ^ Abraham Foxman. "Roald Dahl Also Left a Legacy of Bigotry." New York Times, Dec. 7, 1990, pg. A34

External links

• Official website
• Roald Dahl Foundation website
• Roald Dahl Museum
• Fan website dedicated to Roald Dahl
• Roald Dahl, from Cardiff, Wales
• Roald Dahl at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• Roald Dahl at the Internet Movie Database
• Roald Dahl at Findagrave.com
• Bibliography