state hermitage museum

Strong points of the Hermitage collection of Western art include Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Rubens, van Dyck, Rembrandt, Poussin, Claude Lorrain, Watteau, Tiepolo, Canaletto, Canova, Rodin, Monet, Pissarro, Renoir, Cezanne, van Gogh, Gauguin, Picasso, and Matisse. There are several more collections, however, including the Russian imperial regalia, an assortment of Fabergé jewellery, and the largest existing collection of ancient gold from Eastern Europe and Western Asia.

Origin

Catherine the Great started the famed collection in 1764 by purchasing more than 250 paintings in Europe. Russian ambassadors in foreign capitals were commissioned to acquire the best collections offered for sale: Brühl's collection in Saxony, Crozat's in France and the Walpole gallery in England. Catherine called her art gallery my hermitage, as very few people were allowed within to see its riches. In one of her letters she lamented that "only the mice and I can admire all this." She also gave the name of the Hermitage to her private theatre, built nearby in 1785.

Expansion in the 19th century

Gradually imperial collections were enriched by relics of Greek and Scythian culture, unearthed during excavations on Pereshchepina, Pazyryk, and other ancient burial mounds in southern Russia. Thus started one of the world's richest collections of ancient gold, which now includes a substantial part of Troy's treasures unearthed by Heinrich Schliemann and seized from Berlin museums by the Red Army in 1945.

To house the ever-expanding collection of Greek, Roman, and Egyptian antiquities, Nicholas I commissioned the neoclassicist German architect Leo von Klenze to design a building for the public museum. Probably the first purpose-built art gallery in Eastern Europe, the New Hermitage was opened to the public in 1852.

As the Russian tsars continued to amass their art holdings, several works of Leonardo da Vinci, Jan van Eyck, and Raphael were bought in Italy. The Hermitage collection of Rembrandts was considered the largest in the world.

Vicissitudes in the 20th century

The imperial Hermitage was proclaimed public property during the Revolution. The range of its exhibits was further expanded when private art collections were being nationalized. Particularly notable was the influx of modern art from collections of Sergei Shchukin and Ivan Morozov. New acquisitions included most of Gauguin's later oeuvre, 40 works of Cubistic works by Picasso, and such icons of modern art as Matisse's La danse and Vincent van Gogh's Night Cafe.

The Soviet government did not pay much attention to maintenance of "bourgeois and decadent" art. Stalin ordered some of the most precious Hermitage works to be sold abroad. These included unqualified masterpieces like Raphael's Alba Madonna, Titian's Venus with a Mirror and Jan van Eyck's Annunciation. Acquired by Andrew W. Mellon, most of these works formed a nucleus of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.. There were other losses, though works of their kind are more abundant: thousands of works were moved from the Hermitage collection to the Pushkin Museum in Moscow and other museums across the USSR. Some of the collections were also lost to enemy shelling during the Siege of Leningrad in the Second World War, when the building was used as an air-raid shelter.

This period in Hermitage's history came to an end in 1945. At that time the government attempted to compensate recent losses by transferring to the museum some of the art looted by the Red Army in Germany during World War II. The most highly-priced part of the booty were Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings taken from private collections of German business elite. These paintings were considered lost until 1995 when the museum unveiled them to the public. The Russian government maintains that these works provide just a small compensation for irreparable losses inflicted on Russian cultural heritage by the German invasion, including the almost complete destruction of Peterhof and Tsarskoe Selo. Moreover, the State Duma passed a law forbidding return of disputed works to their owners in case they were guilty of financing the Nazi regime.

In the 21st century

In recent years, Hermitage expanded to the nearby building of the General Staff and launched several ambitious projects abroad, including the Guggenheim Hermitage Museum in Las Vegas, the Hermitage Rooms in London's Somerset House, and the Hermitage Amsterdam in the former Amstelhof, Amsterdam.

The Hermitage was featured in the film Russian Ark, a single-shot walkthrough with period re-enactments spanning three hundred years of court meetings, balls and family life in the Winter Palace.

In July 2006, the museum announced that 221 minor items, including jewelry, Orthodox icons, silverware and richly enameled objects, had been stolen. The value of the stolen items was estimated to be approximately $5 Million. Hermitage director Mikhail Piotrovsky has faced calls to resign in light of the thefts. Several people, including the husband and son of a former curator, now deceased, have been detained on charges of involvement in the thefts.

Hermitage directors

• Florian Antonovich Gilles
• Stepan Alexandrovich Gedeonov (1863–78)
• Alexander Alexeyevich Vasilchikov (1879–88)
• Sergei Nikitich Trubetskoi (1888–99)
• Ivan Alexandrovich Vsevolozhsky (1899–1909)
• Dmitry Ivanovich Tolstoi (1909–18)
• Mikhail Artamonov (1951–64)
• Boris Borisovich Piotrovsky
• Mikhail Borisovich Piotrovsky (son) since July 1992