Mopeds are a class of low-powered motorized vehicles, generally two-wheeled. Moped classification is designed to allow the use of small motorised vehicles, avoiding the safety restrictions and licensing charges required of larger motorcycles. Some motorized bicycles, small scooters, and small motorcycles fit the definition of a moped.

In legal literature, mopeds are normally defined by limits on engine displacement, speed, power output, transmissions, or the requirement of pedals. In some countries, the legal driving age for a moped is lower than for larger motorcycles, and consequently mopeds are popular among the youth. Typically, mopeds are restricted to 45-50 km/h (28-31 mph) and engines less than 50 cc. Some localities require pedals, thus making them a form of hybrid transport, using both human power and machine power. Because of their small size, many jurisdictions consider them "limited speed motorcycles."

History

The earliest mopeds, introduced in the early 1950s, were nothing but bicycles with a helper motor in various locations, for example on top of the front wheel. These were commonly called cyclemotors. An example of this type is the VéloSoleX brand, which simply had a rubber roller driving the front tyre. A more innovative design was known in the UK as the Cyclemaster. This had a complete powered rear wheel which was simply substituted for the bicycle rear wheel, which originated from a design by two DKW engineers in Germany. Slightly larger machines, commonly with a 98 cc engine were known as autocycles. However, some mopeds, such as the Czech-made Jawa, were derived from motorcycles.

A further category of low-powered two-wheelers exists today in some jurisdictions for bicycles with helper motors—these are often defined as power-assisted bicycles or motorized bicycles. Some jurisdictions, however, may categorize these as a type of moped, creating a certain amount of confusion.

Some mopeds have been designed with more than two wheels, similar to a microcar, or the three wheeled (two front, one back) transport moped.

Etymology

The word moped was coined by a Swedish journalist in 1952, as an abbreviation of motor and pedal.^[1]

Local definitions

United States

While the exact legal definition of a moped varies from state to state, a moped's speed generally may not exceed 30 mph (48 km/h)( even if it can go faster) on level ground (in a few states this number is 20 or 25 mph (32 or 40 km/h), and in most states, the maximum engine capacity is 50 cc, although a few states allow up to 85 or 130 cc. Some states require pedals, while others do not.^[2]

United Kingdom

The term moped describes any low-powered motor driven cycle with an engine capacity of less than 50 cc and a maximum design speed of 50 km/h. If used before 1 January 1977 it must be moveable by pedals. A provisional license, full motorcycle or car license is needed to operate a moped. An additional Compulsory Basic Training certificate is also required to ride a moped on public roads, except for anyone who obtained their full car driving licence before 1 February, 2001. A provisional moped licence may be obtained at the age of 16, whereas standard car and motorcycles are only available at the age of 17. Provisional licenses require learner plates and expire after two years if the license holder has not upgraded their license. Mopeds are subject to all of the same traffic laws as other vehicles, and all riders must wear helmets. All motorised cycles/motorcycles/mopeds under 50cc are excluded from motorways. ^{[3] [4]}

Russia

The moped is legally defined as a two- or three-wheeled vehicle with engine displacement of no more than 50 cc and maximum speed no more than 50 km/h. Such vehicles require no licensing. Pillion passengers are only allowed when the driver has a full moped license.

Canada

In Canada the Moped has been repealed from the Motor Vehicle Safety Regulations.^[5] Nevertheless the vehicle itself is still legislated within various provinces.

In Alberta, Canada, mopeds require a class 6 (motorcycle) or class 7 (learner's permit) licence and must have engines under 50 cc. In addition to this, they must not have a driver-operated transmission. They are allowed to carry more than one person. Mopeds are subject to all of the same traffic laws as other vehicles, and all riders must wear helmets. ^[6]

In Ontario, Canada, "a moped is a motor-assisted bicycle fitted with pedals that can be operated at all times and has a maximum speed of 50 km/h." ^[7] A motor assisted bicycle is a bicycle:

(a) that is fitted with pedals that are operable at all times to propel the bicycle,

(b) that weighs not more than fifty-five kilograms,

(c) that has no hand or foot operated clutch or gearbox driven by the motor and transferring power to the driven wheel,

(d) that has an attached motor driven by electricity or having a piston displacement of not more than fifty cubic centimetres, and

(e) that does not have sufficient power to enable the bicycle to attain a speed greater than 50 kilometres per hour on level ground within a distance of 2 kilometres from a standing start; (“cyclomoteur”)^[8]

Since November 28, 2005 Moped drivers require either a full M licence or a restricted class M licence to legally ride on road in Ontario.^[9] Prior to November 28, 2005 riders only required a G licence. The G licence is a "general" licence for automobile drivers such as cars, small vans and trucks.

Finland

Mopeds can be driven with an M-class driving licence, which can be obtained at the age of 15. People born before 1985 can drive a moped without a licence. The power of a moped is not limited, but the speed limit is 45 km/h and engine capacity can be a maximum of 50 cc. Mopeds are allowed to carry one passenger with the driver, if the moped is registered as having two seats. Both driver and passenger are required to wear helmets. After Finland joined the European Union, EU regulations increased the maximum weight of moped and speed limit was increased from 40 km/h to 45 km/h

New Zealand

Mopeds can be driven with any class of driver licence. Mopeds are classified as having an engine capacity not exceeding 50 cc and a maximum speed not exceeding 50 km/h. Electric mopeds must have a motor between 600 and 2000 watts. Mopeds do not require safety testing (known as a Warrant of Fitness in NZ) and are subject to lower licensing costs than motorcycles, though one still needs the right equipment (Helmet etc.).^[10]

Southeast Asia

In Southeast Asian countries, mopeds are classified as small motorcycles similar to Honda Supercub, sometimes called underbones, they are also known as kapchai in Malaysia. A kapchai moped is usually powered by small 2-stroke or 4-stroke engines ranging from 50 cc to 125 cc, but recently the displacement range was increased with the introduction of the largest displacement kapchai model, Yamaha Y135LC.

In Malaysia, kapchai bikes may apply the same highway speed limits as cars and larger motorcycles since modern kapchai models are capable to reach the top speeds of about 120 ~ 130 km/h, therefore all kapchai bikes are allowed to be used on public roads and expressways. However in Indonesia, mopeds are not allowed to be used on Indonesian tollways. In the Philippines, many underbones, especially the Honda XRM are modified, some are "pimped out" with stereo systems and neon lights, while others are tuned for illegal street racing.

Sweden

Mopeds are available in two classes. Class 1 (also known as EU moped as it was introduced to comply with European Union rules) is a moped designed for a maximum speed of 45 km/h powered by an engine of 50 cc or, if it's an electric motor, has a maximum power of 4 kW. A driver's licence type A (motorcycle) or B (car), a driving licence for tractor or a class 1 moped licence is required to ride a class 1 moped. In traffic class 1 mopeds are regarded as motorcycles (but may not be driven on motorways or motorroads) and has to be registered and have a licence plate. They are however tax free. Class 2 is a moped designed for a top speed of 25 km/h and has an engine with maximum 1 kW. No licence is required, but the driver has to be above 15 years and wear a helmet. In traffic they are regarded as bicycles unless there are signs explicitly forbidding mopeds. Mopeds registered before June 17, 2003 are called legacy mopeds and they are subject to the same rules as class 2 mopeds, but may have a top speed of 30 km/h.

Italy

Mopeds require either a car "B-class" license, or a special moped license that is supposed to be taught and delivered in schools, but in reality often requires an external driving school. They are limited to 50 cc and physically restricted to 45 km/h, either with mechanical or electronic locks. This regulation is, however, widely ignored and is estimated that close to 95% of all Italian 50 cc mopeds are illegally unrestricted.

Greece

In Greek slang mopeds are referred to as "Papakia" (Greek: Παπάκια)- meaning "Ducks". They are usually powered by small 2-stroke or 4-stroke engines ranging from 50 cc to 125 cc. They are very popular among youngsters due to their small price and maintenace cost, but are widely used by all age groups. The most known "Duck" was the 80's Honda 50 cc moped, which is still in use today.

Denmark

Mopeds in Denmark are divided into "Small mopeds" and "Big mopeds", 'Small' mopeds have a speed limit of 30 km/h, and 'Big' mopeds have one on 45 km/h. A moped license is needed and the driver must be at least 16 to operate a small one. A car driver's or motorcycle license is needed and the driver must be at least 18 years old to drive a big one. All new mopeds (both types) bought after 1 June 2006 must be registered with a license plate, and have insurance. The older models are not required to have a license plate.

Both models have a maximum of 1-1.2 bhp (750-890 W) and 50 cc but nearly 75% of all Danish mopeds are illegally unrestricted.

European Union

There is yet no law for mopeds commonly throughout the European Union; each country has their own laws. However, there is a moped that has its speeds and other properties the same, wide spread over europe. A so-called EU-moped, that has a maximum speed of 45km/h and must have a license plate.

Derestriction and Performance Tuning

In juristrictions where mopeds are limited by power output or top speed it is common for mopeds to be restricted in some capacity. Some mopeds are restricted by simple means, such as plates or washers which may be removed to increase speed—some dealerships will unrestrict a moped for free or at minimal expense. Other mopeds, however, are restricted by their design as a whole.^[11] Such mopeds require aftermarket parts to increase performance. Common means for increasing performance on 2-stroke mopeds include adding an exhaust pipe with a larger expansion chamber,^[12] installing a larger carburetor, and/or installing a speed kit with a larger cylinder or with reed valves.

The speed gained by such modifications varies greatly on the specific engine and on the combination of modifications performed.

Most mopeds can be upgraded, w/o problems to a 70cc engine, by replacing the original cylindre with a aftermarket cylindre - Mainly produced in Italy by Polini, Malossi, Athena, Hebo (sub-producer of Athena), Metrakit etc. these companies are specialists in producing 'racing' or sportskits (which lasts better, and doesn't require extreme maintenence - good for every day mopeds) for many kinds of 2- and 4-stroke engines. They also offer great sponsor deals for licensed racers, who race on certified racetracks.

Moped culture

As mopeds and repair parts have become scarcer, and as a certain nostalgia has grown around mopeds (not unlike that of classic scooters), enthusiasts have formed an increasing number of organizations devoted to moped collecting, repair, and lifestyle.

• The Moped Army is a moped club comprised of local branches from the United States and Canada. Different branches put together annual rallies around the country.

• The Moped Riders Association is an international organization which sponsors events and rides throughout North America.

A number of unaffiliated local and regional organizations also exist, such as the RCMP from the Greater Toronto Area, Rocket Ship Tomos from Japan, the MOFOs from New Jersey, and The Variators, which were formerly a branch of the Moped Army, from Ottawa.

In 1978, Walter Muma set an unofficial world record for distance travelled on a true moped in a single trip. The trip took 97 days and began in Toronto, Canada, taking him a total of 11,518 miles (18,660 km) through Yukon, Canada; Alaska, USA; Inuvik, Canada; and back to Toronto. He rode a Motobecane moped, and carried most of what he needed (clothing, food, spare parts, fuel, etc.) on the moped itself. Over the entire trip, he spent only $106 (Cdn) on fuel. [1]

Moped safety

Riding a moped safely has similar considerations to motorcycle safety, however, some concerns are exacerbated on a moped. Their smaller size, while offering finer control than larger bikes, also makes them harder to see.^[13]

therefore, many mopeds are equipped with reflects and other gear that makes them more visible in the street - especially in the dark.

See also

• Category:Moped manufacturers
• Electric scooter
• Motorised bicycle
• Motorcycle
• Scooter
• Underbone

References

1. ^ http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1637&a=513203
2. ^ http://moped2.org/mstates.htm
3. ^ http://www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/groups/dft_transstats/documents/page/dft_transstats_609923-01.hcsp#P25_1691
4. ^ http://www.direct.gov.uk/Motoring/LearnerAndNewDrivers/RidingMotorcyclesAndMopeds/RidingMotorcyclesAndMopedsArticles/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=10016249&chk=XLOdD2
5. ^ http://www.canlii.ca/ca/regu/crc1038/whole.html
6. ^ http://www3.gov.ab.ca/gs/services/mv/operator.cfm#LicenceClasses
7. ^ http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/dandv/driver/lsm-faq.htm#3
8. ^ http://www.canlii.org/on/laws/sta/h-8/20060614/whole.html#BK0
9. ^ http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/dandv/driver/lsm-faq.htm#8
10. ^ http://www.landtransport.govt.nz/publications/infosheets/infosheet-1-10.html
11. ^ http://www.mopedarmy.com/forums/discuss/read.php?f=1&i=281970&t=12063&v=t
12. ^ http://www.mopedarmy.com/forums/discuss/7/36415/36411/
13. ^ http://www.mopedarmy.com/resources/articles/survivalguide/

External links

• Open Directory Project - Moped section.
• DIY Moped Repair Videos: Instructional video series teaches how to repair and maintain your moped.
• Moped Army
• Moped Web Ring
• http://moped2.org/
• http://Mopeding.com/