ebooks

An e-book (also: eBook, ebook) is an electronic (or digital) version of a book. The term is used ambiguously both to refer to either an individual work in a digital format, or a hardware device used to read books in digital format. Some users deprecate the second meaning in favor of the more precise "e-book device". However the term interplay works out colloquially in the long run, e-books are an emerging and rapidly changing technology, and since at least 2004 have included newer experimental online magazines, pioneered in part by Baen's Books in their release of the first Grantville Gazette.

The term e-text is often used synonymously with the term e-book, and is also used for the more limited case of data in ASCII text format excluding books in proprietary file formats. An exception to this rule is the academic e-text, which commonly includes components such as facsimile images, apparatus criticus, and scholarly commentary on the work from one or more editors specially qualified to edit the author or work in question.

An e-book is commonly bundled by a publisher for distribution (as an e-book, an ezine, or an Internet newspaper), whereas e-text is distributed in plain text, or in the case of academic works, in the form of discrete media such as compact discs. Metadata relating to the text are sometimes included with etext (though it appears more frequently with e-book). Metadata commonly include details about author, title, publisher, and copyright date; less common are details regarding language, genre, relevant copyright conventions, etc.

Formats

A writer or publisher has many options when it comes to choosing a format for production. While the average end-user might arguably simply want to read books, every format has its exponents and champions, and debates over "which format is best" can become intense. The myriad of e-book formats is sometimes referred to as the "Tower of eBabel". For the average end user to read a book, every format has its advantages and disadvantages. Formats available include, but are by no means limited to:

Image files

An e-book can be distributed as a sequence of images, one for each page. In this way, any image format can be used as an e-book format. This method of distribution produces files much larger than all others, and also has the disadvantage that the user cannot select text, nor can the e-book be read by a screen reader. Distribution as images is most suitable for comic books, books about art, or other very visual works.

E-guide

Published as a ".doc" or ".txt"

E-guides were first introduced on eBay by a seller with the user name "ColidgeGraduit". They are usually in Microsoft Word or plain text files, and are usually short guides in a step-by-step format. This simple format is easily prone to plagiarism, since almost anybody can just save the file to their computer then resend it to someone else claiming it as their own. Security measures are being introduced in order to secure simple Microsoft Word documents from being edited by the recipients.

eGuide

Published as .pdf or .html

eGuide as a document description was first introduced by the eToolcase in early 2001. The idea is that it provides a decriptive guide to complete any task. The eGuide provides exactly that, a guide in electronic format. Normally concise and to the point, may be any length and contain pertinent guides to achieve the goal of the content.

Rich Text Format

Published as an .rtf

A standard formalized by Microsoft Corporation for specifying formatting of documents. RTF files are actually ASCII files with special commands to indicate formatting information, such as fonts and margins.

Hyper Text Markup Language

Commonly known as HTML

HTML is the markup language used for most web pages. E-books using HTML can be read using a standard browser (e.g., Mozilla, Firefox, or Microsoft Internet Explorer), with no need for special equipment.

An E-book in HTML format could also be considered to be a blook when published on a blog or in blog format.

Open Electronic Book Package Format

Commonly known as OPF FlipBook

OPF is an xml-based e-book format created by E-Book Systems. E-books created in this format are also known as FlipBooks as the viewing software presents the book in a 3D flipping format. There is an on-going project to make the OPF readable using a standard browser (e.g., Mozilla, Firefox, or Microsoft Internet Explorer), with no need for special equipment. Currently it requires the viewing client for the full Flipping experience.

FictionBook

FictionBook is a popular XML-based e-book format, supported by free readers such as Haali Reader and FBReader. See http://haali.cs.msu.ru/pocketpc/FictionBook_description.html

Text Encoding Initiative

TEI Lite is the most popular of the TEI-based (and thus XML-based or SGML-based) electronic text formats.

Plucker

Plucker is a free e-book reader application with its own associated file format and software to automatically generate plucker files from HTML files, web sites or RSS feeds. The format is a compressed HTML archive, somewhat like Microsoft's CHM.

CHM Format

Also known as Microsoft Compressed HTML Help

CHM format is a proprietary format based on HTML. Multiple pages and embedded graphics are distributed along with proprietary metadata as a single compressed file. In contrast, in HTML, a site consists of multiple html files and associated image files in standardized formats.

T_EX

The TeX format is a popular academic format. TeX is a typesetting system written by Donald Knuth, especially for technical writing applications in the scientific communities of mathematics and computer science. TeX can typeset complex mathematical formulas, but is now also being used for many other typesetting tasks especially in template packages. Few people write in plain TeX any more. LaTeX is a TeX document preparation system with programmable features and facilities for automating aspects of typesetting and desktop publishing, especially numbering and cross-referencing, tables and figures, page layout, bibliographies. LaTeX was originally written in 1984 by Leslie Lamport and has become a leading method for using TeX (current version: 2ε)

Portable Document Format

Published as a .pdf

A file format created by Adobe Systems, initially to provide a standard form for storing and editing printed publishable documents. Because documents in .pdf format can easily be seen and printed by users on a variety of computer and platform types, they are very common on the World Wide Web. But since they are designed to reproduce page images, and the text cannot be re-flowed to fit the screen width, PDF files designed for printing on standard paper sizes are hard to view on screens with limited size or resolution.

NOTE: Adobe has addressed the issue of people viewing PDF files on smaller screens as are found on PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants). Adobe's Acrobat Reader for the PDA now has a re-flow facility. Unfortunately, certain settings need to be in place at the time the PDF document is created for it to be re-flow-able, which means many existing PDF documents won't benefit from this new feature. These settings can be found at Reflow the contents of Adobe PDF documents: Tutorial.

PDF files are created mainly using Adobe Acrobat, but Acrobat Capture and other Adobe products also support their creation, as do third-party products such as PDFCreator, OpenOffice.org, and FOP. Acrobat Reader (now simply called Adobe Reader) is Adobe's product used to view PDF files. PDF files typically contain product manuals, brochures, magazine articles, or flyers as they can embed fonts, images, and other documents. A PDF file contains one or more page images, each of which you can zoom in on or out from. The PDF format can include interactive elements such as buttons for forms entry and for triggering sound and Quicktime or AVI movies. Acrobat PDF files are optimized for the Web by rendering text before graphic images and hypertext links. Adobe's PDF-like e-book format is incorporated into their reader.

PostScript

Published as .ps

PostScript is a page description language used primarily in the electronic and desktop publishing areas for describing the contents of a printed page in a higher level than the actual output bitmap.

DjVu

Published as .djvu

DjVu is a file format that has been long in obscurity, but that is starting to surface now that free tools to manipulate the files are available.

DjVu is a format that particularly excels in storing scanned images. There are even advanced compressors especially specializing in low-color images, such as text documents. Individual files may contain single pages, or they can be collections of multiple pages.

The images are divided in separate layers (such as multi-color, low-resolution, lossily-compressed background layer, and few-colors, high-resolution, tightly-compressed foreground layer), each compressed in best applicable method. The files are also designed to decompress very fast, even faster than vector-based formats.

The advantage of DjVu is that it is possible to take a high-resolution scan (300-400 DPI), good enough for both on-screen and printing, and store it very efficiently. Several dozens of 300 DPI black-and-white scans can be stored in less than a megabyte.

Microsoft

Published as an .lit

The MS reader uses patented ClearType® display technology. Navigation works with a keyboard, mouse, stylus, or through electronic bookmarks. The Catalogue Library records reader books in a personalized "home page". A user can add annotations and notes to any page, create large-print e-books with a single command, or create free-form drawings in the reader pages. A built-in dictionary allows the user to look up words.

eReader (formerly Palm Digital Media)

Published as a .pdb

eReader is a program for viewing Palm Digital Media electronic books. Versions are available for PalmOS, PocketPC, Symbian OS, Windows, Windows Mobile Editions, Windows Mobile Smartphone, and Macintosh. The reader shows text one page at a time as paper books do. eReader supports embedded hyperlinks and images. Most eReader formatted books are encrypted, with the key being the purchaser's full name and credit card number.

Mobipocket

Published as a .prc

The Mobipocket Reader has a home page library. Readers can add blank pages in any part of a book and add free-hand drawings. Annotations — highlights, bookmarks, notes, and drawings — can be applied, organized, and recalled from a single location. Mobipocket Reader has electronic bookmarks, appearing in the page margins. Dictionaries allow users to look up definitions through a built-in lookup function.

The reader has a full screen mode for reading and has Microsoft ClearType® support. On Palm OS, readers can use sub-pixel rendering with the MobiType® font. Mobipocket Reader runs on many PDA types (including Palm OS, Pocket PC and Windows CE, Tablet PC, Casio BE-300, Psion, Symbian OS Smartphones, Franklin eBookMan) and on Windows 2000/XP. Mobipocket products do not allow reading on Linux, Macintosh or other operating systems. These systems may be used only as a conduit to a PDA.

The Mobipocket e-book format based on the Open eBook standard using XHTML can include JavaScript and frames. It also supports native SQL queries to be used with embedded databases.

The Mobipocket encryption system is not a password based system. Its DRM relies on the PDA hardware serial number.

A free e-book of the German Wikipedia has been published in Mobipocket format; see [1].

ExeBook

Published as an .exe

ExeBook is a compiler that produces an e-book file that, when executed, produces a simulated book onscreen, complete with page texture. The etext is encrypted as graphic images so that automatic text copying is very difficult. The fear of exe files picking up viruses, however, is hampering its acceptance.

DesktopAuthor

Published as an .EXE and .dnl

DesktopAuthor is an electronic publishing suite that allows creation of digital web books with virtual turning pages. Digital web books of any publication type can be written in this format, including brochures, e-books, digital photo albums, e-cards, digital diaries, online resumes, quizzes, exams, tests, forms and surveys. DesktopAuthor packages the e-book into a ".dnl" or ".exe" book. Each can be a single, plain stand-alone executable file which does not require any other programs to view it. DNL files can be viewed inside a web browser or stand-alone via the DNL Reader.

Newton eBook

Published as an ."pkg" and more commonly known as a Newton book; a single Newton package file can contain multiple books.

All systems running the Newton operating system (the most common include the Newton MessagePads, eMates, Siemens Secretary Stations, Motorola Marcos, Digital Ocean Seahorses and Tarpons) have built-in support for viewing Newton books. The Newton package format was released to the public by Newton, Inc. prior to that company's absorption into Apple Computer. The format is thus arguably open and various people have written readers for it (writing a Newton book converter has even been assigned as a university-level class project).

Newton books have no support for DRM or encryption. They do support internal links, potentially multiple tables of contents and indexes, embedded grayscale images, and even some scripting capability (for example, it's possible to make a book in which the reader can influence the outcome).[2]

Apabi

Published as ".xeb" or ".ceb".

Apabi is a format deviced by Founder Electronics. It is a popular format for Chinese e-books. It can be read using the Apabi Reader software, and produced using Apabi Publisher. Both .xeb and .ceb files are encoded binary files. The Iliad e-book device includes an Apabi 'viewer'.

Comparison with printed books

E-book

Advantages

• Text can be searched, except when represented in the form of images.
• Take up little space.
  • Hundreds (or thousands) may be carried together on one device.
  • Approximately 500 average e-books can be stored on one CD (equivalent to several shelves' worth of print books)
  • Because they take up little space, e-books can be offered indefinitely, with no 'out of print' date, allowing authors to continue to earn royalties indefinitely (copyright law permitting), and allowing readers to find older works by favorite authors.
• E-books may be read in low light or even total darkness, with a back-lit device.
• Type size and type face may be adjusted. However, enlarging e.g. a PDF document magnifies the text but preserves the original layout and spacing; a practical limit on zooming follows from the requirement to keep a text column within the width of the screen (otherwise horizontal scrolling would be needed during and after reading each line, which would be very cumbersome). However, tagged PDFs can be reflowed in Acrobat 6 and 7, eliminating the horizontal-scrolling problem in zoomed PDFs. For more on zooming in, see Electronic maps.
• Can be used with text-to-speech software.
• Readily reformatted for independent platforms.
• Instantly copied
  • When a backup is kept in a remote place, cannot be lost by fire, etc.
  • Once distributed, elimination is difficult and sometimes impossible.
• Distributed at low cost.
• Distributed instantly, allowing readers to begin reading at once, without the need to visit a bookstore
• Simultaneously share book (if networked).
• Errors may be easily corrected with downloadable lists of errata or simply with corrected text. (This can also be an advantage for printed books, in different circumstances.)
• At the moment, e-books are commonly published by independent publishing houses, which can mean greater editorial and authorial freedom and more room for experimentation.
• An inexpensive format for works that require color.
• An excellent choice of format for works that benefit from search and cross-reference capabilities, such as dictionaries, reference works, certain kinds of textbooks.
• Economically and environmentally viable by cutting down on paper and lumber production
• Economically viable by cutting down on ink production
• Does not wear over time
• No risk of damage, vandalism, etc on the pages

Disadvantages

From the user's point of view:

• Can be incompatible with new or replacement hardware or software
• Require care in handling and storage of the files, to avoid damage or loss
• Reading can be hard on (or even harmful to) the eyes
• Can Phone Home to track readers and reading habits
• Can restrict printing

From the publisher/author's point of view:

• Can in some cases be hacked, or disseminated without approval from the author or publisher (some formats are more susceptible to this than others)
• Not normally a good format choice for works that have extensive and/or large illustrations, such as works in art history, photography, large maps, etc.

Print book

Advantages

• Less eye strain over extended reading time
• Usable in adverse environmental conditions.
• Robust and durable.
• Readable when severely damaged.
• Requires no power source, and no alternative reading device like a PC or a palmtop.
• Errors are "forever"; this unchangeability sometimes adds to its value.
• Has more value as "collector's items," e.g., first editions or signed copies
• Has greater guaranteed longevity, both physically and in terms of commercial availability (either as new product, or from the secondary marked as a used book or collector item)
• At the moment, print books are primarily published by established houses including numerous international conglomerates, which can result in greater funds available for promotion of a title.

Disadvantages

• From the user's point of view: Can be priced in a way that inhibits availability
• From the user's point of view: Cannot be easily copied/shared
• From the user's point of view: Cannot be read in darkness
• From the user's and author's point of view: Can be put out of print and made unavailable to readers
• From the author's point of view: Can be difficult to get a publisher to amend errata
• Can be an awkward format for reference works or works that have many internal cross-references.
• An expensive format for works that require color, since color printing commonly requires several passes of paper through the press (typically three to five passes).

Experience of one publisher

The evolving position of Speculative fiction publisher Baen Books is illustrative of how rapidly evolving the e-book format and digital data war is. Baen's began by surveying the field of e-book formats available in 1999, and decided to publish using cryptographically keyed downloads in several of the more common and useful formats, including the ubiquitous Rich Text Format output compatible with Microsoft WORD and Microsoft Windows utility program Write.exe (WordPad).

In early 2004 they experimented with an online magazine under the urging of writer-editor Eric Flint, which achieved success— to the point the first two unserialized magazines have been released in regular print with a third in production (See: Grantville Gazettes and become best sellers in print form). Within the year, Flint talked publisher Jim Baen into trying another experiment, which involved offering free copies of already published works in print forming the basis of what Baen calls the Baen Free Library.

Since the experiment was again financially successful resulting in more printed sales, Baens has since extended the concept and scope of the experiment so that most of its early titles in a given Book series are offered free, and somewhat aged newer titles are periodically offered free as well for a limited time. All Baen titles are in the process of being back-converted to the e-book formats, or for new works, being pre-released as subscription-only serialized e-books similar to the Baen eMagazine experment—  in three installments, roughly one third of each work in production.

Baen links

• Free Library — SF/Alternate History Some e-books by Baen's offered in HTML (browser) format; these can be printed, though not resized.

Unserialized purchased formats occur during the final month preceding the hardcover release of a work, and formats include Palm Pilot, Rocketbook, RTF and MS Reader versions.

• Baen Books Homepage — science fiction, fantasy, alternate history and all subgenres of speculative fiction. Clicking on the underlined catalog name will open a preview eBook for all works on Baen.com; contrast with the above restricted content methods.

For additional information, possibly more up-to-date, see Baen Books#Electronic publishing strategy.

The industry

E-book publishing as its own industry is a growing concern, growing in the double digits yearly, according to the quarterly reports put out by IDPF.

In fact, it may be noted that many of the new e-book publishers are former print publishers, and most established e-publishers offer print versions of many of their titles. The line between the two is fast blurring.

E-books have their own bestseller lists, including those compiled by IDPF and Fictionwise. They even have two yearly awards for excellence in e-books. The longest-standing and most inclusive of these is the EPPIE award, given by EPIC since 2000. The other is the Dream Realm Award, first awarded to speculative fiction e-books in 2002.

See also

• Blook
• Audio book
• E-text
• Digital library (List of digital library projects)
• Plucker
• Expanded Books
• Networked book
• Dynabook
• Webserial
• Digital rights management
• FictionBook

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References

• Doctorow, Cory (February 12, 2004). Ebooks: Neither E, Nor Books, O'Reilly Emerging Technologies Conference
• James, Bradley (November 20, 2002). The Electronic Book: Looking Beyond the Physical Codex, SciNet
• Lynch, Clifford (May 28, 2001). The Battle to Define the Future of the Book in the Digital World, First Monday - Peer reviewed journal on the Internet
• Menta, Robert (December 26, 2000). Read an e-book to your child, go to jail?, MP3 Newswire
• Flint's description of the inspiration for the Library in an USENET post
• Building the Baen Free Library by Eric Flint - a 2002 essay, republished from Library's news at the link above
• Annotated Baen Free eBook Listing - Baen Free Library and Baen CD-ROM Library

External links

Ebook Writers

• [3]Good source of ebook writers.
• eLibrary - Open Ebooks Directory free for addition of your ebooks

Links About e-books

• Project Gutenberg
• The International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF/formerly the Open eBook Forum)
• The OpenReader Consortium Advocates nonproprietary e-book format without DRM-related loopholes
• The Electronically Published Internet Connection
• The Internet Public Library Online Texts Collection
• TeleRead News & views on e-books (noncommercial site)

Free e-book repositories

• Facsimile Books & other digitally enhanced Works from: The University of Georgia Libraries (DjVu format)
• Scholarly Electronic Publishing Bibliography
• Aleria.net UDC catalog
• www.epalm.org free eBooks in english, spanish, french and italia
• Free Downloadable Ebook
• Floodle free ebooks A huge collection of free eBooks
• PocketPCBooks.net Free Classic Novels in E-Book format.
• book and eBook ebooks.net01.info A huge collection of private useful eBooks
• Econlib Free collection specializing in economics and history via the Library of Economics and Liberty.
• Project Gutenberg Project Gutenberg is the oldest producer of free ebooks on the Internet
• EbooksClub Free ebook downloads and reviews
• Ebooks4all100's of Free Ebooks

Tools

Free Professional Ebooks For Preview

• [4]

Software

• The Openberg project (open-source implementation of the OeBF's recommendations)
• Newton Book Reader Extension A Firefox extension for viewing Newton books.
• www.tx2ph.com A WAP website for reading free Project Gutenberg eBooks with a cell phone.

Devices

• Cybook (Bookeen)
• iRex iLiad (based on eInk)
• Sony Librie (based on eInk) (in Japanese)
• Sony Reader (based on eInk, comes out in 2006)
• eBookwise-1150 (based on former Gemstar technology)
• Jinke Hanlin Reader (based on eInk)

Formats

• Mobipocket Reader
• OpenReader Consortium
• dfgas e-books