angela

Merkel, elected to the German Parliament from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, has been the chairwoman of the CDU since 2000, and Chairwoman of the CDU-CSU parliamentary party group from 2002 to 2005. She is the first female Chancellor of Germany, the first former citizen of the German Democratic Republic to lead the reunited Germany and the first woman to lead Germany since it became a modern nation-state in 1871. She is also, as of 2006, the youngest person to be chancellor since the Second World War. Merkel, topped Forbes Magazine's 2006 list of the most powerful woman in the world, is only the third woman to serve on the G8 and, on 1 January 2007, will become the second woman to chair the G8 after Margaret Thatcher.

Background

Merkel was born as Angela Dorothea Kasner in Hamburg, the daughter of Horst Kasner, a Lutheran pastor originally from Berlin, and his wife Herlind (née Jentzsch), a teacher of English and Latin, originally from Danzig (now Gdańsk). One of her grandparents was Polish. In 1954 her father received a pastorship at the church in Quitzow, East Germany, near Perleberg, and the family moved to Templin. Merkel grew up in the countryside only 80 km (50 miles) north of Berlin, in the communist German Democratic Republic.

Like most pupils, Merkel was a member of the official, communist-led youth movement Free German Youth (FDJ). Later she became a member of the district board and secretary for agitation and propaganda at the Academy of Sciences in that organisation. However, she didn't take part in the secular coming of age ceremony Jugendweihe, which was common in East Germany, and was confirmed instead.

She was educated in Templin and at the University of Leipzig, where she studied physics from 1973 to 1978. Merkel worked and studied at the Central Institute for Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences from 1978 to 1990. After graduating with a doctorate in physics she worked in quantum chemistry.

In 1989, she got involved in the growing democracy movement after the fall of the Berlin Wall, joining the new party Demokratischer Aufbruch. Following the first (and only) democratic election of the East German state, she became the deputy spokesperson of the new pre-unification caretaker government under Lothar de Maizière. At the first post-reunification general election in December 1990, she was elected to the Bundestag from a constituency which includes the districts of Nordvorpommern and Rügen, as well as the city of Stralsund. Her party merged with the west German CDU and she became Minister for Women and Youth in Helmut Kohl's cabinet. In 1994, she was made Minister for the Environment and Reactor Safety, which gave her greater political visibility and a platform on which to build her political career. As one of Kohl's protégées and his youngest cabinet minister, she was referred to by Kohl as "das Mädchen" ("the girl").

According to an article in Der Spiegel, her background in the former GDR has served her well in post-reunification politics. For the first thirty-six years of her life, she honed her skills at disguising her inner thoughts and feelings — essential for survival in a society where every room might contain a State Security Police (Stasi) informer, and especially for a pastor's daughter. Speaking near-perfect English and remarking on her background as an "ossi", she says: "Anyone who really has something to say doesn't need make-up". Besides being fluent in English, Angela Merkel speaks Russian fluently.

From 1977 until their divorce in 1982, she was married to physicist Ulrich Merkel. Since 1998, she has been married to Berlin chemistry professor Joachim Sauer. She has no children.

Leader of the Opposition

When the Kohl government was defeated in the 1998 general election, Merkel was named Secretary-General of the CDU. In this position, Merkel oversaw a string of Christian Democrat election victories in six out of seven provincial elections in 1999 alone, breaking the SPD-Green coalition's hold on the Bundesrat, the legislative body representing the Länder. Following a party financing scandal, which compromised many leading figures of the CDU (most notably Kohl himself and then-party chairman Wolfgang Schäuble, Kohl's hand-picked successor), Merkel criticized her former mentor, Kohl, and advocated a fresh start for the party without him. She was elected to replace Schäuble, becoming the first female chair of her party, on April 10, 2000. Her election surprised many observers, as her personality offered a contrast to the party she had been chosen to lead; Merkel is a Protestant, originating from predominantly Protestant northern Germany, while the CDU is a male-dominated, socially conservative party with deep Catholic roots, and has its stronghold in western and southern Germany.

Following Merkel's selection as CDU leader, she enjoyed considerable popularity among the German population and was favoured by Germans to become Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's challenger in the 2002 election. However, she was unpopular in her own party and particularly its sister party (the Bavarian Christian Social Union, or CSU), and was subsequently out-manoeuvred politically by CSU leader Edmund Stoiber, who had had the privilege of challenging Schröder but squandered a large lead in the opinion polls to lose narrowly. After Stoiber's defeat in 2002, in addition to her role as CDU chairwoman, Merkel became leader of the conservative opposition in the lower house of the German parliament, the Bundestag. Her rival, Friedrich Merz, who had held the post of parliamentary leader prior to the 2002 election, was eased out to make way for Merkel.

Political platform

Merkel supported a substantial reform agenda concerning Germany's economic and social system and was considered to be more pro-free market (and pro-deregulation) than her own party (the CDU); she advocated changes to German labour law, specifically, removing barriers to firing employees and increasing the allowed number of work hours in a week, arguing that existing laws made the country less competitive because companies cannot easily control labour costs at times when business is slow (see [1]).

She argued for Germany's nuclear power to be phased out less quickly than the Schröder administration had planned.

Merkel advocated a strong transatlantic partnership and German-American friendship. In the spring of 2003, defying strong public opposition, Merkel came out in favour of the U.S. invasion of Iraq, describing it as "unavoidable" and accusing Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of anti-Americanism. This led some critics to characterize her as an American lackey. She criticised the government's support for Turkish Membership in the European Union and favoured a "privileged partnership" instead. In doing so, she was seen as being in unison with an overwhelming majority of Germans in rejecting Turkish membership in the European Union, particularly due to fears that large waves of immigration may impose an unbearable burden on Germany and that there would be too much Islamist influence within the EU.

Comparisons

As a female politician from a centre right party, and a scientist, Merkel has been compared by many in the English as well as the German press to former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Some have referred to her as "Iron Lady" or "Iron Girl" (alluding to Thatcher, whose nickname was "The Iron Lady"). Political commentators have debated the precise extent to which their agendas are similar, however (see [2]).

Candidacy for Chancellor

On May 30, 2005, she won the CDU/CSU nomination as challenger to Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of the SPD in the 2005 national elections. Her party began the campaign with a 21% lead over the SPD in national opinion polls, although her personal popularity lagged behind that of the incumbent. However, the CDU/CSU campaign suffered when Merkel, having made economic competence central to the CDU's platform, confused gross and net income twice during a televised debate. She regained some momentum after she announced that she would appoint Paul Kirchhof, a former judge at the German Constitutional Court and leading fiscal policy expert, as Minister of Finance.

Both Merkel herself and the CDU again lost ground significantly after Kirchhof proposed the introduction of a flat tax in Germany, again undermining the party's credibility on economic affairs and convincing many voters that the CDU's platform of deregulation was designed to benefit only the rich. This was compounded by Merkel proposing to increase VAT to reduce Germany's deficit and fill the gap in revenue from a flat tax. The SPD were able to increase their support simply by pledging not to introduce flat taxes or increase VAT. Although Merkel's standing recovered after she distanced herself from Kirchhof's proposals, she remained considerably less popular than Schröder, and the CDU's lead was down to 9% on the eve of the election. Merkel was also criticized for plagiarizing a passage from a speech used by President Ronald Reagan in a 1980 US presidential debate for her own television election duel with Gerhard Schröder, the Social Democratic chancellor.

On September 18, Merkel's CDU/CSU and Schröder's SPD went head-to-head in the national elections, with the CDU/CSU winning 35.3% (CDU 27.8%/CSU 7.5%) of the second votes to the SPD's 34.2%. Neither the SPD-Green coalition nor the CDU/CSU and its preferred coalition partners, the Free Democratic Party, held enough seats to form a majority in the Bundestag, and both Schröder and Merkel claimed victory. A Grand Coalition between the CDU/CSU and SPD faced the challenge that both parties demanded the chancellorship. However, after three weeks of negotiations, the two parties reached a deal whereby Merkel would become Chancellor and the SPD would hold 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet (see [3] and [4]). The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on November 14 (see [5]). Merkel was elected Chancellor by the majority of delegates (397 to 217) in the newly assembled Bundestag on November 22, but 51 members of the governing coalition voted against her (see [6]).

Reports have indicated that the Grand Coalition will pursue a mix of policies, some of which directly contradict aspects of Merkel's political platform as leader of the opposition and candidate for Chancellor. The coalition intends to cut public spending whilst increasing VAT, social insurance contributions and the top rate of income tax.[7] Employment protection will no longer cover employees during their first two years in a job, pensions will be frozen and subsidies for first-time home buyers will be scrapped. On foreign policy, Germany will maintain its strong ties with France and eastern European states, particularly Russia, and will continue its support for Turkey one day joining the European Union. However it is unlikely Germany will push for a lifting of the EU embargo on arms sales to the People's Republic of China, as Merkel has repeatedly stated her opposition to such a move.

Merkel has stated that the main aim of her government will be to reduce unemployment, and that it is this issue on which her government will be judged (see [8]).

Chancellor

Her first foreign trip took place the day after she was sworn in as Chancellor, and went to Paris for a meeting with the French president, Jacques Chirac. In his speech, Chirac emphasized the importance of the Franco-German Companionship for Europe. After the meeting with Chirac, she travelled to Brussels for talks with EU leaders and the Secretary-General of NATO, Jaap de Hoop Scheffer. She then traveled to London where she met with the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair. On November 28 she received her first state guest: President Pohamba of Namibia, a former German colony in Africa, who visited Berlin for five days. In her first government address on November 30, 2005, she announced her objective of improving the German Economy and reducing unemployment. In early 2006, polls showed that Angela Merkel, having been in office for only about 100 days, had the highest approval rate among Germans ever to be recorded for a chancellor since 1949. Many economic commentators have referred to the 'Merkel factor', which has apparently caused a rapid rise in consumer confidence and market spending.

However, Merkel's popularity has fallen since June 2006, when the sweeping health care reform that would lead to lower health insurance fees was scrapped, replaced with a compromise deal that led to higher fees. According to a poll taken by ARD in August, her party, the CDU, and Bavarian sister party CSU have a 31 percent approval rating. [9]

Relationship with US President Bush

On January 13, 2006, she visited the United States for the first time as Chancellor.

Leading up to the 32nd G8 summit in Russia, she invited U.S. President George W. Bush to visit the town of Stralsund and the Trinwillershagen village, located within her home district.

Merkel's Cabinet

The Cabinet of Angela Merkel was sworn in at 16:00 CET, November 22, 2005.

• Angela Merkel (CDU) – Chancellor
• Franz Müntefering (SPD) – Vice Chancellor and Minister for Labour and Social Affairs
• Thomas de Maizière (CDU) – Minister for Special Affairs and Director of the Chancellor's Office

• Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD) – Minister of Foreign Affairs
• Wolfgang Schäuble (CDU) – Minister of the Interior
• Franz Josef Jung (CDU) – Minister of Defence
• Brigitte Zypries (SPD) – Minister of Justice
• Peer Steinbrück (SPD) – Minister of Finance
• Michael Glos (CSU) – Minister for Economics and Technology
• Horst Seehofer (CSU) – Minister for Consumer Protection, Food, and Agriculture
• Ulla Schmidt (SPD) – Minister for Health
• Wolfgang Tiefensee (SPD) – Minister for Transport, Building, Urban Development and Development of East Germany
• Ursula von der Leyen (CDU) – Minister for Family, Senior Citizens, Women, and Youth
• Annette Schavan (CDU) – Minister for Research and Education
• Sigmar Gabriel (SPD) – Minister for Environment, Natural Conservation and Nuclear Safety
• Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul (SPD) – Minister for Economic Co-operation and Development

On October 31, after the defeat of his favored candidate for the position of Secretary General of the SPD, Franz Müntefering indicated that he will resign as Chairman of the party in November. Ostensibly responding to this, Edmund Stoiber (CSU), who was originally nominated for the Economics and Technology post, announced his withdrawal on November 1. While this was initially seen as a blow to Merkel's attempt at forming a viable coalition and cabinet, the manner in which Stoiber withdrew has earned him much ridicule and has severely undermined his position as a Merkel rival. Separate conferences of the CDU, CSU and SPD approved the proposed Cabinet on November 14.

Trivia

• In her office she has a picture of Russian Empress Catherine the Great, a German-born princess described by Merkel as "a strong woman".^[1]

• At a joint Merkel-Bush press conference, President Bush enthusiastically anticipated sharing roast pig with the Chancellor[10] even briefly deflecting a question about the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict to opine, "I thought you were going to ask about the pig."[11]

• During the G8 Summit procedings at Konstantinovsky Palace, Bush strode up in back of Merkel and clasped his hands upon her shoulders in a massage-like way. Bush's action startled Merkel, causing her to flail her arms. [12] The awkward exchange became a popular viral video on YouTube^[2] and was humorously referred to on The Daily Show in which Jon Stewart quipped that her reaction was a "move she learned in date rape prevention class."

• On September 1, 2006 Merkel was selected as the "World's Most Powerful Woman" by Forbes, based on media visibility and economic impact.^[3][4]

• In addition to being the first female German Chanchellor, she is also the first one from East Germany, the first one born after World War II, and the first one with a background in natural sciences. She studied physics, her predecessors law and business.

Selected published works

• Merkel, Angela, Ilka Böger, Hans Joachim Spangenberg, Lutz Zülicke (1982). "Berechnung von Hochdruck-Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für Zerfalls- und Rekombinationsreaktionen einfacher Kohlenwasserstoffmoleküle und -radikale (Calculation of High Pressure Velocity Constants for Reactions of Decay and Recombinations of simple Hydrocarbon Molecules and Radicals)". Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 263 (3): 449-460.
• Merkel, Angela, Lutz Zülicke (1985). "Berechnung von Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für den C-H-Bindungsbruch im Methylradikal (Calculation of Velocity Constants for the Break of the Carbon-Hydrogen-Bond in the Methyl Radical)". Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 266 (2): 353-361.
• Merkel, Angela, Lutz Zülicke (1987). "Nonempirical parameter estimate for the statistical adiabatic theory of unimolecular fragmentation carbon-hydrogen bond breaking in methyl". Molecular Physics 60 (6): 1379-1393. DOI:10.1080/00268978700100901.
• Merkel, Angela, Zdenek Havlas, Rudolf Zahradník (1988). "Evaluation of the rate constant for the S_N2 reaction fluoromethane + hydride: methane + fluoride in the gas phase". Journal of American Chemical Society 110 (25): 8355-8359. DOI:10.1021/ja00233a012.
• Merkel, Angela (1998). "The role of science in sustainable development". Science 281 (5375): 336-337.

References

External links

• (German) The Office of the Chancellor
• (German) Angela Merkel's Homepage - Merkel's personal website.
• English version of CDU website - Official party website.
• Works of and about Angela Merkel in the DNB catalogue
• Angela Merkel Sworn in as German Chancellor - report from Deutsche Welle.
• Günter Grass, The Guardian, September 16, 2005, "We must not be blackmailed by Merkel's neoliberal gang" German Nobel prize-winning author expresses his view against Merkel and in favour of Schröder
• (English) "The career of CDU leader Angela Merkel", by Lena Sokoll, July 8, 2005
• Carnival in Germany : Photos of the Rose Monday Parade, February 7, 2005 [13] Political satire at Carnival Parades is a very old and proud German tradition. Here George W. Bush and Merkel are ridiculed because of their stance on the Iraq war; with "Wiedereröffnung" meaning "Reopening".
• (German) CDUnion - A weblog for Merkel.
• (German) Stoppt Merkel - A weblog opposing Merkel's candidacy.
• Ruth Elkins, The Independent, June 19, 2005, "Angela Merkel: Iron Mädchen"
• Clay Risen, Slate, July 5, 2005, "Deutschland's Iron Lady"
• Severin Weiland, Der Spiegel, June 3, 2005, "Angela Merkel The Underestimated"
• (German) "Die Zuckerpuppe aus der Schwarzgeldtruppe", Merkel parody from the traditional deriding of politicians at the inauguration of the strong-beer season at the Nockherberg, 2000
• Ralf Neukirch, Der Spiegel, October 11, 2005, "Germany's New Chancellor: Merkel's Surprising Rise to the Top
• DW staff, Deutsche Welle, October 11, 2005, "Kohl's Girl" Makes Good
• Ralf Neukirch, Gabor Steingart and Stefan Aust Der Spiegel, Interview with Chancellor-designate Angel Merkel, October 17, 2005, "I am immune to the Seduction of Power"
• Angela Merkel: A 'Continental European Politician in the Making' Knowledge@Wharton, March 9, 2006
• Merkel's meteoric rise to power October 11, 2005, Profile of Angela Merkel's career from www.expatica.com
• http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/01/10/germany.merkel.reut/index.html